Available methods for the sampling of nectar, pollen, and flowers of different plant species
Abstract
Background: The new draft EFSA guidance document introduces additional assessment factors for pollinators other than honey bees. However, there are no standard test protocols available. Therefore, the only way for risk assessment refinements, are a more precise estimate of the potential exposure in nectar and pollen. The aim of the paper is to present available sampling methods of nectar and pollen but also tries to refine methodology for sampling of nectar and pollen mentioned in the guidance document.Results: Nectar can be collected by hand from a wide variety of crop plants. This can be done with the help of capillaries as well as with centrifugation. Pollen can be collected with manual sampling or the help of a suction pump. Bees and bumble bees can be used for both matrices with many plants. Solitary bees are able to collect pollen. More detailed results are presented for oil seed rape and Phacelia.
Conclusion: Nectar and pollen can be collected from flowering crop plants visited by pollinators in amounts that are high enough to allow residue analysis. However, the minimum number of bees needed to collect the amount is not 20 but much higher, depending on the species of plant sampled. At least 200 honey bees should be collected for each matrix.
Downloads
Published
2015-10-12
Issue
Section
Section II: Developments in laboratory, semi-field and field testing for honeybees
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributed 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits